Jump to: navigation, search John Lewis
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Georgia's 5th district
Incumbent
Assumed office
January 3, 1987
Preceded by Wyche Fowler
3rd Chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
In office
1963–1966
Preceded by Charles F. McDew
Succeeded by Stokely Carmichael
Personal details
Born John Robert Lewis
(1940-02-21) February 21, 1940 (age 73)
Troy, Alabama, United States
Political party Democratic
Spouse(s) Lillian Miles Lewis (m.1968-d.2012)
Residence Atlanta, Georgia
Alma mater American Baptist Theological Seminary, Fisk University
Occupation political consultant, civil rights leader
Religion Baptist
John Robert Lewis (born February 21, 1940) is an American politician and civil rights leader. He is the U.S. Representative for Georgia's 5th congressional district, serving since 1987, and is the dean of the Georgia congressional delegation. The district includes the northern three-quarters of Atlanta.
Lewis was one of the "Big Six" leaders in the American Civil Rights Movement and chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), playing a key role in the struggle to end legalized racial discrimination and segregation. A member of the Democratic Party, Lewis is a member of the Democratic leadership of the House of Representatives and has served in the Whip organization since shortly after his first election to the U.S. Congress.
He is Senior Chief Deputy Whip, leading an organization of chief deputy whips and serves as the primary assistant to the Democratic Whip. He has held this position since 1991.
Contents [hide]
1 Early life, education, and early career
2 Civil rights activism
3 Early political career
4 U.S. House of Representatives
4.1 Elections
4.2 Tenure
4.3 Committee assignments
4.4 Caucus membership
5 Personal life
6 Honors
7 See also
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 External links
Early life, education, and early career[edit]Lewis was born in Troy, Alabama, the third son of Willie Mae (née Carter) and Eddie Lewis.[1] His parents were sharecroppers. Lewis was educated at the Pike County Training High School, Brundidge, Alabama, and also American Baptist Theological Seminary and at Fisk University, both in Nashville, Tennessee, where he became a leader in the Nashville sit-ins. While a student, he was invited to attend non-violence workshops held in the basement of Clark Memorial United Methodist Church by the Rev. James Lawson and Rev. Kelly Miller Smith. There he became a dedicated adherent to the discipline and philosophy of non-violence, which he still practices today. The Nashville sit-in movement was responsible for the successful desegregation of lunch counters in downtown Nashville. Lewis was arrested and jailed many times in the struggle to desegregate the downtown area of the city. Afterwards, he participated in the Freedom Rides sponsored by the Congress of Racial Equality or CORE, led by James Farmer and ultimately became a national leader in the struggle for civil rights and respect for human dignity.[2] In an interview, John Lewis said "I saw racial discrimination as a young child. I saw those signs that said "White Men, Colored Men, White Women, Colored Women."..."I remember as a young child with some of my brothers and sisters and first cousins going down to the public library trying to get library cards, trying to check some books out, and we were told by the librarian that the library was for whites only and not for "coloreds." John Lewis followed Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr and Rosa Parks on the radio. He and his family supported the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Civil rights activism[edit]John Lewis was chairman of SNCC during its most productive years. During his tenure, SNCC opened Freedom Schools, launched the Mississippi Freedom Summer and is generally recognized as one of the important leaders of the civil rights movement. He was a hard-working young man who overcame poverty and political disenfranchisement to educate himself.
He graduated from the American Baptist Theological Seminary in Nashville and then received a bachelor's degree in Religion and Philosophy from Fisk University. As a student, Lewis was very dedicated to the civil rights movement. He organized sit-ins at segregated lunch counters in Nashville and took part in many other civil rights activities as part of the Nashville Student Movement. He was instrumental in organizing student sit-ins, bus boycotts and non-violent protests in the fight for voter and racial equality.
In 1960, Lewis joined the Freedom Riders. He was one of the 13 original Freedom Riders. There were seven whites and six blacks who were determined to ride from Washington, DC, to New Orleans in an integrated fashion. At that time, several states of the old Confederacy still enforced laws prohibiting black and white riders from sitting next to each other on public transportation. The Freedom Ride, originated by the Fellowship of Reconciliation and revived by Farmer and CORE, was initiated to pressure the federal government to enforce the Supreme Court decision in Boynton v. Virginia (1960) that declared segregated interstate bus travel to be unconstitutional. In the South, Lewis and other non-violent Freedom Riders were beaten by angry mobs, arrested at times and taken to jail. When CORE gave up on the Freedom Ride because of the violence, Lewis and fellow activist Diane Nash arranged for the Nashville students to take it over and bring it to a successful conclusion.
In 1963, when Chuck McDew stepped down as SNCC chairman, Lewis, one of the founding members of SNCC, was quickly elected to take over. Lewis's experience at that point was already widely respected. His courage and his tenacious adherence to the philosophy of reconciliation and non-violence made him emerge as a leader. By this time, he had been arrested 24 times in the non-violent struggle for equal justice. He held the post of chairman until 1966.
By 1963, he was recognized as one of the "Big Six" leaders of the Civil Rights Movement, along with Whitney Young, A. Phillip Randolph, James Farmer and Roy Wilkins. In that year, Lewis helped plan the historic March on Washington in August 1963, the occasion of Dr. King's celebrated "I Have a Dream" speech. Currently, he is the last remaining speaker from the march. Lewis represented SNCC, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and at 23 was the youngest speaker that day.[3]
In 1964, Lewis coordinated SNCC's efforts for "Mississippi Freedom Summer," a campaign to register black voters across the South. The Freedom Summer was an attempt to expose college students from around the country to the perils of African American life in the South. Lewis traveled the country encouraging students to spend their summer break trying to help people in Mississippi, the most recalcitrant state in the union, to register and vote. Lewis became nationally known during his prominent role in the Selma to Montgomery marches. On March 7, 1965 – a day that would become known as "Bloody Sunday" – Lewis and fellow activist Hosea Williams led over 600 marchers across the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama. At the end of the bridge, they were met by Alabama State Troopers who ordered them to disperse. When the marchers stopped to pray, the police discharged tear gas and mounted troopers charged the demonstrators, beating them with night sticks. Lewis's skull was fractured, but he escaped across the bridge, to a church in Selma. Before he could be taken to the hospital, John Lewis appeared before the television cameras calling on President Johnson to intervene in Alabama. On his head, Lewis bears scars that are still visible today.
Historian Howard Zinn wrote: "At the great Washington March of 1963, the chairman of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), John Lewis, speaking to the same enormous crowd that heard Martin Luther King’s I Have a Dream speech, was prepared to ask the right question: 'Which side is the federal government on?’ That sentence was eliminated from his speech by organizers of the March to avoid offending the Kennedy Administration. But Lewis and his fellow SNCC workers had experienced, again and again, the strange passivity of the national government in the face of Southern violence."[4]
Lewis (far right) with Bayard Rustin, Andrew Young, William Fitts Ryan, and James L. Farmer, Jr."John Lewis and SNCC had reason to be angry. At 21 years old, John Lewis was the first of the Freedom Riders to be assaulted while in Rock Hill, South Carolina. He tried to enter a whites-only waiting room and two white men attacked him, injuring his face and kicking him in the ribs. Nevertheless, only two weeks later Lewis joined a Freedom Ride that was bound for Jackson. “We were determined not to let any act of violence keep us from our goal. We knew our lives could be threatened, but we had made up our minds not to turn back,” Lewis said recently in regard to his perseverance following the act of violence.[5]
In an interview with CNN during the 40th anniversary of the Freedom Rides, Lewis recounted the sheer amount of violence he and the 12 other original Freedom Riders endured. In Anniston, Alabama, the bus was fire-bombed after Ku Klux Klan members deflated its tires, forcing it to come to a stop. In Birmingham, the Riders were mercilessly beaten, and in Montgomery, an angry mob met the bus, and Lewis was hit in the head with a wooden crate. “It was very violent. I thought I was going to die. I was left lying at the Greyhound bus station in Montgomery unconscious,” said Lewis, remembering the incident. The original intent of the Freedom Rides was to test the new law that banned segregation in public transportation. It also exposed the passivity of the government regarding violence against citizens of the country who were simply acting in accordance to the law.[6] The federal government had trusted the notoriously racist Alabama police to protect the Riders, but did nothing itself, except to have FBI agents take notes. The Kennedy Administration then called for a 'cooling-off period,' a moratorium on Freedom Rides.[4] Lewis had been imprisoned for forty days in the Mississippi State Penitentiary in Sunflower County, Mississippi, after participating in a Freedom Riders activity in that state.[7]
Lewis at meeting of American Society of Newspaper Editors, 1964In February 2009, forty-eight years after he had been bloodied by the Ku Klux Klan during civil rights marches, Lewis received an apology on national television from a white southerner, former Klansman Elwin Wilson.[8][9]
After leaving SNCC in 1966, Lewis worked with community organizations and was named community affairs director for the National Consumer Co-op Bank in Atlanta.
Early political career[edit]Before being elected to Atlanta City Council in 1981, Lewis faced "years of criticism as a holier-than-thou publicity seeker who challenged city leaders on ethical matters".[10] In the context of the "war on drugs", Lewis challenged Julian Bond to take a urine drug test during the 1986 Democratic runoff.[11] The Houston Chronicle called it "perhaps the best-known example" of congressional candidates challenging their opponents to drug testing.[11] The challenge could have served in Lewis' favor in his upset win as "there were signs that it may have damaged Bond among older black voters concerned about drug abuse among blacks".[11]
Lewis first ran for elective office in 1977, when a vacancy occurred in Georgia's 5th congressional district. A special election was called after President Jimmy Carter appointed incumbent U.S. Congressman Andrew Young to be U.S. ambassador to the United Nations. Lewis lost the race to Atlanta City Councilman and future U.S. Senator Wyche Fowler.
After his unsuccessful bid for Congress in 1977, Lewis was without a job and in debt from his campaign. He accepted a position with the Carter administration as associate director of ACTION, responsible for running the VISTA program, the Retired Senior Volunteer Program, and the Foster Grandparent Program. He held that job for two and a half years, resigning as the 1980 election approached.[12] In 1981, Lewis was elected to the Atlanta City Council.
U.S. House of Representatives[edit]Elections[edit]1977
In January 1977, incumbent Democrat U.S. Congressman Andrew Young, of Georgia's 5th congressional district, decided to resign in order to become the U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. under President Jimmy Carter. In the March 1977 open primary, Atlanta City Councilman Wyche Fowler, Jr. ranked first with 40% of the vote, failing to reach the 50% threshold to win outright. Lewis ranked second with 29% of the vote.[13] In the April election, Fowler defeated Lewis 62%–38%.[14]
1986
After nine years as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, Fowler gave up the seat to make a successful run for the U.S. Senate. Lewis decided to run for the 5th district again. In the August Democratic primary--the real contest in this heavily Democratic, black-majority district--State Representative Julian Bond ranked first with 47%, just three points shy of winning outright. Lewis earned 35% in second place.[15] In the run-off, Lewis pulled an upset against Bond, defeating him 52%–48%.[16] In the November general election, he defeated Republican Portia Scott 75%–25%.[17]
1988–2012
Lewis has been reelected 13 times. He has dropped below 70 percent of the vote only once. In 1994, he defeated Republican Dale Dixon by a 38 point margin, 69%–31%.[18] He even ran unopposed in 1996 and from 2004 to 2008.
He was challenged in the Democratic primary just twice: in 1992 and 2008. In 1992, he defeated State Representative Mable Thomas 76%–24%.[19] In 2008, Thomas decided to challenge Lewis again, as well as the Reverend Markel Hutchins. Lewis defeated Hutchins and Thomas 69%–16%-15%.[20]
Tenure[edit]Lewis is one of the most liberal members of the House, and one of the most liberal congressmen ever to represent a district in the Deep South. He has been labeled a "far-left Democratic leader" by GovTrack and a "Hard-Core Liberal" by Issues2000.[21][22] The Washington Post described Lewis in 1998 as "a fiercely partisan Democrat but ... also fiercely independent."[23] Lewis characterized himself as a strong and adamant liberal.[23] The Atlanta Journal-Constitution said Lewis was the "only former major civil rights leader who extended his fight for human rights and racial reconciliation to the halls of Congress".[10] The Atlanta Journal-Constitution also said that to "those who know him, from U.S. senators to 20-something congressional aides", he is called the "conscience of Congress".[10] Lewis has cited former Florida Senator and Congressman Claude Pepper, a staunch liberal, as being the colleague that he has most admired.[24] Lewis has spoken out in support of gay rights and national health insurance,[23] and he has worked with the Faith and Politics Institute to advance their goals.[25]
Lewis opposed the U.S. waging of the 1991 Gulf War,[26] NAFTA,[27] and the 2000 trade agreement with China that passed the House.[28] Lewis opposed the Clinton administration on NAFTA and welfare reform.[23] After welfare reform passed, Lewis was described as outraged; he said, "Where is the sense of decency? What does it profit a great nation to conquer the world, only to lose its soul?"[29] In 1994, when Clinton was considering invading Haiti, Lewis, in contrast to the Congressional Black Caucus as a whole, opposed armed intervention.[30] When Clinton did send troops to Haiti, Lewis called for supporting the troops and called the intervention a "mission of peace".[31] In 1998, when Clinton was considering a military strike against Iraq, Lewis said he would back the president if American forces were ordered into action.[32] In 2001, three days after the September 11 attacks, Lewis voted to give Bush authority to retaliate in a vote that was 420–1; Lewis called it probably one of his toughest votes.[25] In 2002, he sponsored the Peace Tax Fund bill, a conscientious objection to military taxation initiative that had been reintroduced yearly since 1972.[33] Lewis was a "fierce partisan critic of President Bush" and the Iraq war.[10] The Associated Press said he was "the first major House figure to suggest impeaching George W. Bush," arguing that the president "deliberately, systematically violated the law" in authorizing the National Security Agency to conduct wiretaps without a warrant. Lewis said, "He is not King, he is president."[34]
Lewis draws on his historical involvement in the civil rights movement as part of his politics. He "makes an annual pilgrimage to Alabama to retrace the route he marched in 1965 from Selma to Montgomery – a route Lewis has since had declared part of the Historic National Trails program. That trip has become one of the hottest tickets in Washington among lawmakers, Republican and Democrat, eager to associate themselves with Lewis and the movement. 'We don't deliberately set out to win votes, but it's very helpful,' Lewis said of the trip".[10]
Charges about Tea Party using racial epithets
In March 2010, a report that Lewis and another black Congressman, Andre Carson, had been called nigger by Tea Party protesters outside the Capitol received media attention.[35][36] Some conservative sources criticized the claim, saying that no video showed up to prove the charges, and the videotapes of the event that later surfaced seemed to in fact disprove them. The New York Times issued a correction in July 2010, acknowledging that there was no evidence of Tea Party members hurling racial epithets at Lewis and Carson. Andrew Breitbart offered a $100,000 reward for anyone who could provide audio or video evidence of one of these instances, but none surfaced.[37]
Protests
In March 2003, Lewis spoke to a crowd of 30,000 in Oregon during an anti-war protest before the start of the Iraq War.[38] He was arrested in 2006[39] and 2009 and outside the Sudan embassy in protest against the genocide in Darfur.[40]
Endorsements
When Lewis was asked at a news conference whether he would support Joe Lieberman for re-election to the Senate in 2006 after Lieberman's loss to Ned Lamont in the Democratic primary, he simply said that Lieberman "was a good man." That was taken to mean that he endorsed Lieberman in the race. Actually he had been invited to Connecticut by another member of Congress and had made no plan to formally endorse Lieberman. [41] In the 2004 Presidential race, Lewis endorsed Senator John Kerry (Democrat).[42] Lewis was one of 31 House members who voted not to count the electoral votes from Ohio in the 2004 presidential election.[43]
2008 Presidential election
Lewis speaks during the final day of the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado.At first, Lewis supported Hillary Rodham Clinton, endorsing her presidential campaign on October 12, 2007.[44] On February 14, 2008, however, he announced he was considering withdrawing his support from Clinton and might instead cast his superdelegate vote for Barack Obama: "Something is happening in America and people are prepared and ready to make that great leap."[45] Ben Smith of Politico said that “it would be a seminal moment in the race if John Lewis were to switch sides.”[46]
On February 27, 2008, Lewis formally changed his support and endorsed Obama.[47][48] After Obama clinched the Democratic nomination for president, Lewis said “If someone had told me this would be happening now, I would have told them they were crazy, out of their mind, they didn’t know what they were talking about ... I just wish the others were around to see this day. ... To the people who were beaten, put in jail, were asked questions they could never answer to register to vote, it’s amazing.”[49] Despite switching his support to Obama, Lewis' support of Clinton for several months led to criticism from his constituents. One of his challengers in the House primary election set up campaign headquarters inside the building that served as Obama's Georgia office.[50]
In October 2008, Lewis issued a statement criticizing the campaign of John McCain and Sarah Palin and accusing them of “sowing the seeds of hatred and division” in a way that brought to mind the late Gov. George Wallace and “another destructive period” in American political history. McCain said he was "saddened" by the criticism from "a man I’ve always admired", and called on Obama to repudiate Lewis’s statement. Obama responded to the statement, saying that he "does not believe that John McCain or his policy criticism is in any way comparable to George Wallace or his segregationist policies.”[51] Lewis later issued a follow-up statement clarifying that he had not compared McCain and Palin to Wallace himself, but rather that his earlier statement was a "reminder to all Americans that toxic language can lead to destructive behavior."[52]
Occupy Atlanta meeting
In October 2011, a meeting of Occupy Atlanta participants did not reach consensus to allow Lewis address the crowd. A video clip of protestors discussing the situation, and Lewis leaving without speaking, is published online.[53][54] Lewis said that he was not perturbed by the incident, and noted that "These are different times."[55]
Autobiography
Lewis's autobiography was published in 1999. His life is also the subject of a 2002 book for young people.[56]
Election statistics
A special election was called in 1977 after President Jimmy Carter appointed incumbent U.S. Congressman Andrew Young to be U.S. ambassador to the United Nations. In the Democratic special primary, Lewis and fellow Atlanta City Councilman Wyche Fowler qualified for the run-off primary because no candidate reached the 50% threshold and they were the top two candidates.[13] Fowler defeated Lewis 62%–38%.[14] In 1986, when Fowler retired to run for the United States Senate, Lewis defeated fellow civil rights leader and State Senator Julian Bond in the run-off primary 52%–48%.[16] This upset win[11] was tantamount to election in the heavily Democratic, majority-black 5th District, Lewis won the 1986 general election with 75% of the vote.[17] Lewis was the second African-American to represent Georgia in Congress since Reconstruction. (Young was the first.) In 1988, he won re-election with 78% of the vote.[57] In the 1990s, his lowest winning percentage was 69% in 1994. In 2010, he won re-election with 74% of the vote.[58]
Committee assignments[edit]Committee on Ways and Means
Subcommittee on Oversight (Ranking member);
Subcommittee on Income Security and Family Support.
Caucus membership[edit]Congressional Black Caucus;
Co-chair of the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Caucus;
Bipartisan Taskforce on Nonproliferation;
Congressional Progressive Caucus;
Congressional Caucus on Global Road Safety.
Since 1991, Lewis has been senior chief deputy whip in the Democratic caucus.[citation needed] A December 2009 report on privately financed Congressional travel by The New York Times found Lewis to be recipient of the most trips since 2007, with a total of 40.[59]
Personal life[edit] This section requires expansion. (February 2011)
Lewis grew up in Pike County, Alabama. He also has a deaf brother named Edward. He has other siblings, including brothers Grant, Freddie, Sammy, Adolph, and William, and sisters named Ethel, Rosa, and Ora. He survived a tornado at the age of four with fourteen cousins. He had only seen two white people in his life until age six. The church he attended was attacked by the Ku Klux Klan in 1904.[60]
Lewis met Lillian Miles at a New Year's Eve party hosted by Xernona Clayton. They married in 1968. Together, they had one son, named John-Miles. Lillian died on December 31, 2012.[61]
Lewis is a member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity.[62]
In 2013, Lewis will become the first member of Congress to write a graphic novel, March: Book One, the first in a planned autobiographical trilogy co-written with Andrew Aydin and drawn by Nate Powell. [63]
Honors[edit]In 1999, Lewis was awarded the Wallenberg Medal from the University of Michigan in recognition of his courageous lifelong commitment to the defense of civil and human rights.
In 2001, The John F. Kennedy Library Foundation awarded Lewis the Profile in Courage Award "for his extraordinary courage, leadership and commitment to civil rights."[64]
In 2002, he was awarded the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP.[65]
In September 2007, Lewis was awarded the Dole Leadership Prize from the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics at the University of Kansas.[66]
Lewis is honored with the 1997 sculpture by Thornton Dial, The Bridge, at Ponce de Leon Avenue and Freedom Park, Atlanta.
Lewis was the only living speaker from the March on Washington who was present on the stage during the inauguration of Barack Obama. Obama signed a commemorative photograph for Lewis with the words, “Because of you, John. Barack Obama.”[67]
On November 17, 2010, Lewis was awarded the First LBJ Liberty and Justice for All Award, given to him by the Lyndon Baines Johnson Foundation.[68]
In 2011, Lewis was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama.[69]
In 2012, Lewis was awarded honorary LL.D. degrees from Brown University, Harvard University, and the University of Connecticut School of Law.
See also[edit]List of civil rights leaders
References[edit]1.^ Stated on Finding Your Roots, PBS, March 25, 2012
2.^ Reporting Civil Rights: American Journalism 1963–1973, Part Two Carson, Clayborne, Garrow, David, Kovach, Polsgrove, Carol (Editorial Advisory Board), (Library of America: February 2003) ISBN=978-1-931082-29-7 pp. 15–16, 48, 56, 84, 323, 374, 384, 392, 491–94, 503, 505, 513, 556, 726, 751, 846, 873
3.^ "The Sixties". Junior Scholastic. February 11, 1994. p. 6. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
4.^ a b "My Name Is Freedom Albany, Georgia" (reprint). You Can't Be Neutral on A Moving Train. Boston: Beacon Press.
5.^ "The Freedom Riders, Then and Now | History & Archaeology | Smithsonian Magazine". Smithsonianmag.com. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
6.^ "Civil Rights Timeline". CNN. January 31, 2006.
7.^ Minor, Bill. "New law meant to eliminate existing ‘donut hole’." Desoto Times Tribune. Friday April 2, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
8.^ "Once Race Riot Enemies, Now Friends". ABC News. February 6, 2009. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
9.^ "Man Asks Entire Town for Forgiveness for Racism – ABC News". ABCnews.go. February 6, 2009. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
10.^ a b c d e John Lewis: 'Conscience' carries clout: Civil rights icon's moral authority enhanced: [Main Edition] Kemper, Bob. The Atlanta Journal – Constitution [Atlanta, Ga] May 21, 2006: .1.
11.^ a b c d "Drugs offer theme for politics in 1986": Gailey, Phil. Houston Chronicle [Houston, Tex] Sep 9, 1986: 2.
12.^ Lewis, Walking with the Wind, pp. 446–451.
13.^ a b "GA District 5 – Special Election Primary Race – Mar 15, 1977". Our Campaigns. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
14.^ a b "GA District 5 – Special Election Race – Apr 05, 1977". Our Campaigns. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
15.^ "GA District 5 – D Primary Race – Aug 12, 1986". Our Campaigns. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
16.^ a b "GA District 5 – D Runoff Race – Sep 02, 1986". Our Campaigns. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
17.^ a b "GA District 5 Race – Nov 04, 1986". Our Campaigns. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
18.^ "GA District 5 Race – Nov 08, 1994". Our Campaigns. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
19.^ "GA District 5 – D Primary Race – Jul 21, 1992". Our Campaigns. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
20.^ "GA District 5 – D Primary Race – Jul 15, 2008". Our Campaigns. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
21.^ "Issues 2000 Lewis". Issues2000.
22.^ "GovTrack Lewis". GovTrack.
23.^ a b c d "Nonviolent Fighter; John Lewis Retraces the Route That Led to the Future": Carlson, Peter. The Washington Post [Washington, D.C] June 9, 1998: 01.
24.^ Smith, Asher (April 21, 2008). "The Tuesday Ten: An Interview with Rep. John Lewis". The Emory Wheel.
25.^ a b Melanie Eversley (October 7, 2001). "Congress using religious compass in decisions". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. p. 7.
26.^ Mike Christensen (January 11, 1991). "Mideast Trip Strengthens Georgia Lawmakers' Resolve". The Atlanta Constitution. p. A7.
27.^ Colin Campbell (February 19, 1998). "Tour labors in opposition to NAFTA". The Atlanta Constitution. p. F02.
28.^ Eric Schmitt and Joseph Kahn (May 25, 2000). "The China trade vote: A Clinton triumph; House, in 237–197 vote, approves normal trade rights for China". The New York Times. Retrieved February 27, 2011.
29.^ "Social programs: world report. The wreck of the gravy train": Canada and the World Backgrounder 62. 2 (Oct1996): 3–34.
30.^ Sharon Schmickle (September 16, 1994). "President faces strong opposition in Congress". Star Tribune. p. 1.
31.^ "Shared power, foreign policy, and Haiti, 1994. Public memories of war and race". Goodnight, G. Thomas; Olson, Kathryn M.; Rhetoric & Public Affairs 9. 4 (Winter 2006): 601–634.
32.^ Mark Sherman (February 12, 1998). "Georgia delegation divided on strategy; Some back force, others doubt military action is a real solution". The Atlanta Constitution. p. A14.
33.^ Felicia R. Lee (August 3, 2002). "War Resisters: 'We Won't Go' To 'We Won't Pay'". The New York Times. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
34.^ Vanden Heuvel, Katrina (January 2, 2006). "The I-Word is Gaining Ground-UPDATED". The Nation.
35.^ Kane, Paul (March 20, 2010). "'Tea party' protesters accused of spitting on lawmaker, using slurs". The Washington Post.
36.^ Stein, Sam (May 20, 2010). "Tea Party Protests: 'Ni**er,' 'Fa**ot' Shouted At Members Of Congress". The Huffington Post.
37.^ "Correction Request: Tommy Christopher, Mediaite". Breitbart.
38.^ "Tens of Thousands March Against Iraq War" Lichtblau, Eric. New York Times [New York, N.Y] Mar 16, 2003: 1.15.
39.^ "Lewis, 6 other lawmakers arrested in embassy protest": Kemper, Bob. The Atlanta Journal – Constitution [Atlanta, Ga] May 17, 2006: p.3.
40.^ "U.S. lawmakers arrested in Darfur protests at Sudan embassy". CNN. April 27, 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2009.
41.^ Haigh, Susan (July 10, 2006). "Lieberman campaign files forms to run as petitioning candidate". The Boston Globe (Associated Press).
42.^ Rep. Lewis Welcomes Kerry's Showing All Things Considered March 2, 2004.
43.^ "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 7". Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. January 6, 2005.
44.^ "Rep. Lewis endorses Clinton". CNN Political Ticker. October 12, 2007. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
45.^ Zeleny, Jeff and Patrick Healy (February 15, 2008). "Black Leader, a Clinton Ally, Tilts to Obama". The New York Times. "Representative John Lewis said he planned to cast his vote as a superdelegate for Barack Obama in hopes of preventing a fight at the Democratic convention."
46.^ Ben Smith (15 February 2008). "Awaiting Lewis". Politico. Retrieved 01 August 2012.
47.^ "Civil rights leader John Lewis switches to Obama" (from the Associate Press). Los Angeles Times. February 28, 2008. Archived from the original on March 2, 2008. Retrieved February 28, 2008. "The Georgia congressman, who had previously endorsed Clinton, says he wants 'to be on the side of the people.'"
48.^ "Lewis switches from Clinton to Obama". CNN Political Ticker. February 27, 2008. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
49.^ Hearn, Josephine Hearn (June 4, 2008). "Black lawmakers emotional about Obama's success". Politico.com.
50.^ Hernandez, Raymond (July 1, 2008). "A New Campaign Charge: You Supported Clinton". New York Times.
51.^ Bumiller, Elisabeth (October 12, 2008). "Congressman Rebukes McCain for Recent Rallies". The New York Times.
52.^ "John McCain equal to George Wallace? Barack Obama says ‘no,’ and John Lewis says he’s been misunderstood". October 11, 2008.
53.^ Mandell, Nina (October 10, 2011). "Occupy Atlanta offshoot of Wall Street protest denies Rep. John Lewis chance to speak at gathering". NY Daily News.
54.^ "John Lewis not miffed by “Occupy Atlanta” dis". Access Atlanta.
55.^ Jennifer Brett. "John Lewis not miffed by “Occupy Atlanta” dis". The Buzz. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
56.^ "From Freedom Rider to Congressman". Amazon. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
57.^ "GA District 5 Race – Nov 08, 1988". Our Campaigns. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
58.^ "GA – District 05 Race – Nov 02, 2010". Our Campaigns. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
59.^ Aigner, Erin; Schoenfeld/, Amy (December 7, 2009). "Congressional Trips on the Corporate Dime". The New York Times. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
60.^ "That was some hard times". http://books.google.com. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
61.^ http://blogs.ajc.com/political-insider-jim-galloway/2012/12/31/rep-john-lewis-wife-lillian-dies/
62.^ "President Clinton Inducted Into Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity". Reuters. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
63.^ "Rep. John Lewis to write, star in graphic novel". The Hill. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
64.^ "John Lewis - John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum". Retrieved December 8, 2012.
65.^ NAACP Spingarn Medal
66.^ "Civil Rights Movement Pioneer to receive Dole Leadership Prize". September 26, 2007. Retrieved October 12, 2008.
67.^ Remnick, David (February 2, 2009). "The President's Hero". The New Yorker.
68.^ "Rep. John Lewis Honored as Civil Rights Champion with First LBJ Liberty and Justice for All Award". Retrieved April 3, 2012.
69.^ Goldman, Julianna (February 15, 2011). "Obama Honors Buffett, George H.W. Bush With Medal of Freedom". Bloomberg. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
Bibliography[edit]Reporting Civil Rights: American Journalism 1963–1973 (Library of America: 2003) ISBN 1-931082-29-4
Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement by John Lewis with Michael D'Orso, (Harvest Books: 1999) ISBN 0-15-600708-8. The U.S. Congressman tells of life in the trenches of the Civil Rights movement, the numerous arrests, sit-ins, and marches that led to breaking down the barriers of discrimination in the South during the 1950s and 1960s.
John Lewis in the Lead: A Story of the Civil Rights Movement by Jim Haskins and Kathleen Benson, illustrated by Benny Andrews, (Lee & Low Books: 2006) ISBN 978-1-58430-250-6. A biography of John Lewis, one of the "Big Six" civil rights leaders of the 1960s, focusing on his involvement in Freedom Rides, the March on Washington, and the march across the Edmund Pettus Bridge from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama.
John Lewis: From Freedom Rider to Congressman by Christine M. Hill, (Enslow Publishers, Inc., 2002) ISBN 0-7660-1768-0. A biography of John Lewis written for juvenile readers.
Freedom Riders: John Lewis and Jim Zwerg on the Frontlines of the Civil Rights Movement by Ann Bausum, (National Geographic, 2006) ISBN 0-7922-4173-8.
Across That Bridge by John Lewis with Brenda Jones, (Hyperion: 2012)ISBN 978-1-4013-2411-7.
March: Book One by John Lewis, Andrew Aydin, and Nate Powell, (Top Shelf: 2013)ISBN 978-1-60309-300-2.
External links[edit] Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: John Lewis (politician)
U.S. Congressman John Lewis official U.S. House site
John Lewis for Congress official campaign site
Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Biography at Ballotpedia
Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
Congressional profile at GovTrack
Congressional profile at OpenCongress
Financial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission
Financial information (federal office) at OpenSecrets.org
Staff salaries and trips (federal office) at LegiStorm.com (paywall)
Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
Voting record at The Washington Post
Appearances on C-SPAN programs
Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
Collected news and commentary at The Washington Post
Oral History Interview with John Lewis from Oral Histories of the American South
Booknotes interview with Lewis on Walking With the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement, July 12, 1998.
C-SPAN Q&A interview with Lewis, August 5, 2012
Rep. Lewis on Congress, Gitmo, Afghan War and Charles Rangel – video interview by Democracy Now!
"SNCC- People: John Lewis." N.p., n.d. Web. Apr 11, 2011.
"Congressman John R Lewis." www.achievement.org. N.p., n.d. Web. Apr 11, 2011.
John Lewis debates the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), June 11, 1996.
Non-profit organization positions
Preceded by
Charles F. McDew Chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
1963–1966 Succeeded by
Stokely Carmichael
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by
Wyche Fowler Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Georgia's 5th congressional district
January 3, 1987 – present Incumbent
United States order of precedence
Preceded by
Peter DeFazio
D-Oregon United States Representatives by seniority
23rd Succeeded by
Louise Slaughter
D-New York
[show]v ·t ·eGeorgia's current delegation to the United States Congress
Senators Saxby Chambliss (R), Johnny Isakson (R)
Representatives
(ordered by district) Jack Kingston (R) ·Sanford Bishop (D) ·Lynn Westmoreland (R) ·Hank Johnson (D) ·John Lewis (D) ·Tom Price (R) ·Rob Woodall (R) ·Austin Scott (R) ·Doug Collins (R) ·Paul Broun (R) ·Phil Gingrey (R) ·John Barrow (D) ·David Scott (D) ·Tom Graves (R)
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[show]v ·t ·eAfrican-American Civil Rights Movement
Topics and events
(timeline) 1963 16th Street Baptist Church bombing ·Albany Movement ·Birmingham Movement ·Browder v. Gayle ·Brown v. Board of Education ·Boynton v. Virginia ·Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church ·Chicago Open Housing Movement ·Civil Rights Act of 1964 ·Dexter Avenue Baptist Church ·Emmett Till ·Fair Housing Act of 1968 ·Freedom Rides ·Freedom Summer ·Garner v. Louisiana ·Greensboro sit-ins ·Greyhound Bus Station (Montgomery, Alabama) ·Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections ·Hocutt v. Wilson ·Dr. King's assassination ·Little Rock Nine ·Loving v. Virginia ·March on Washington ·Mississippi civil rights workers murders ·Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party ·Montgomery Bus Boycott ·Nashville sit-ins ·Poor People's Campaign ·Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom ·St. Augustine Movement ·Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company ·Selma Voting Rights Movement ·Twenty-fourth Amendment ·Voting Rights Act of 1965
Activists Ralph Abernathy ·Victoria Gray Adams ·William G. Anderson ·Ella Baker ·Daisy Bates ·Harry Belafonte ·James Bevel ·Claude Black ·Unita Blackwell ·Julian Bond ·Joseph E. Boone ·William Holmes Borders ·Aurelia Browder ·Guy Carawan ·Stokely Carmichael ·J.L. Chestnut ·Shirley Chisholm ·Ramsey Clark ·Septima Clark ·Xernona Clayton ·Dorothy Cotton ·Claudette Colvin ·Vernon Dahmer ·Annie Devine ·Patricia Stephens Due ·Medgar Evers ·Chuck Fager ·James Farmer ·James Forman ·Marie Foster ·Dick Gregory ·Lawrence Guyot ·Prathia Hall ·Fannie Lou Hamer ·Dorothy Height ·Lola Hendricks ·Aaron Henry ·Myles Horton ·T. R. M. Howard ·Jesse Jackson ·Jimmie Lee Jackson ·T. J. Jemison ·Vernon Johns ·Frank Johnson ·Clarence Jones ·Matthew Jones ·Clyde Kennard ·A. D. King ·Coretta Scott King ·Martin Luther King, Jr. ·Bernard Lafayette ·James Lawson ·Bernard Lee ·Stanley Levison ·John Lewis ·Viola Liuzzo ·Z. Alexander Looby ·Joseph Lowery ·Clara Luper ·Malcolm X ·Thurgood Marshall ·Ralph McGill ·James Meredith ·Amzie Moore ·William Moore ·Irene Morgan ·Bob Moses ·Bill Moyer ·Diane Nash ·E. D. Nixon ·James Orange ·James Peck ·Rosa Parks ·Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. ·Al Raby ·A. Philip Randolph ·Cordell Reagon ·Amelia Boynton Robinson ·Jo Ann Robinson ·Bayard Rustin ·Charles Sherrod ·Fred Shuttlesworth ·Modjeska Monteith Simkins ·Kelly Miller Smith ·Mary Louise Smith ·Charles Kenzie Steele ·Dorothy Tillman ·C. T. Vivian ·Wyatt Tee Walker ·Roy Wilkins ·Hosea Williams ·John Minor Wisdom ·Andrew Young ·Whitney Young ·James Zwerg
Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) ·Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) ·Highlander Folk School ·Leadership Conference on Civil Rights ·Montgomery Improvement Association ·National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) ·NAACP Youth Council ·Northern Student Movement ·National Council of Negro Women ·National Urban League ·Operation Breadbasket ·Regional Council of Negro Leadership ·Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) ·Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) ·Women's Political Council
Noted Historians Taylor Branch ·Clayborne Carson ·Michael Eric Dyson ·Chuck Fager ·Adam Fairclough ·David Garrow ·David Halberstam ·Diane McWhorter
[show]v ·t ·eCurrent leadership of the United States House of Representatives
Presiding Officer: John Boehner (R-Speaker)
Majority (Republican) party leaders Minority (Democratic) party leaders
Eric Cantor (Leader)Kevin McCarthy (Whip)Cathy McMorris Rodgers (Conference Chair)James Lankford (Policy Committee Chairman)Lynn Jenkins (Conference Vice-Chair)Virginia Foxx (Conference Secretary)Greg Walden (Campaign Committee Chairman) Nancy Pelosi (Leader)Steny Hoyer (Whip)Jim Clyburn (Assistant Leader)John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip)G. K. Butterfield, Terri Sewell, Diana DeGette, Keith Ellison, Ben Ray Lujan, Jan Schakowsky, Jim Matheson, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Peter Welch (Chief Deputy Whips)Xavier Becerra (Caucus Chairman)Joseph Crowley (Caucus Vice-Chairman)Steve Israel (Campaign Committee Chairman)Rosa DeLauro, Rob Andrews (Steering/Policy Committee Co-Chairs)
Authority control VIAF: 164971276
Persondata
Name Lewis, John
Alternative names Lewis, John Robert (full name)
Short description U.S. Congressman
Date of birth February 21, 1940
Place of birth Troy, Alabama
Date of death
Place of death
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis_(U.S._politician)&oldid=563989404"
Categories: 1940 birthsLiving peopleAfrican-American members of the United States House of RepresentativesAfrican Americans' rights activistsAnti-poverty advocatesBaptists from the United StatesCOINTELPRO targetsFisk University alumniGeorgia (U.S. state) DemocratsHistory of African-American civil rightsMembers of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state)Nonviolence advocatesPeople from Atlanta, GeorgiaPeople from Pike County, AlabamaHistory of racial segregation in the United StatesSpingarn Medal winners20th-century African-American activistsVolunteers in Service to America administratorsPhi Beta SigmaAmerican memoiristsAfrican-American non-fiction writersHidden categories: Pages using citations with accessdate and no URLAll articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from October 2011Articles to be expanded from February 2011All articles to be expandedUse mdy dates from July 2012Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiersNavigation menuPersonal tools
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